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- $Unique_ID{BRK03561}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Carcinoid Syndrome}
- $Subject{Carcinoid Syndrome Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome Metastatic Carcinoid
- Tumor Carcinoid Tumor Endocrine Tumors Pancreatic Cholera, VIPoma Syndrome
- Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Cushing Syndrome}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 677:
- Carcinoid Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Carcinoid Syndrome) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
- Metastatic Carcinoid Tumor
- Carcinoid Tumor
- Endocrine Tumors
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Pancreatic Cholera, VIPoma Syndrome
- Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
- Cushing Syndrome
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Carcinoid Syndrome is a rare, malignant disease affecting the small
- bowel, stomach and/or pancreas. Slow growing tumors can spread (metastasize)
- to the liver, lungs and ovary. Major symptoms include flushing, diarrhea and
- wheezing.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Initially there are no symptoms with Carcinoid Syndrome. Onset of symptoms
- usually occurs after the tumors have been growing for years. When Carcinoid
- Syndrome does become symptomatic it is characterized by flushing, wheezing,
- and diarrhea. In later stages, Carcinoid Syndrome may result in congestive
- heart failure associated with right-sided valvular heart disease. The
- flushing, diarrhea and wheezing can become extremely debilitating. The
- diarrhea may be so severe that it causes an extreme loss of vital nutrients
- in the body such as potassium and water. This results in life threatening
- dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. The syndrome may also be accompanied
- by stomach pain, blockage of arteries in the liver, heart palpitations and
- excessive peptide excretion in the urine. In extremely rare cases an event
- called "Carcinoid Crisis" may occur. This involves life threatening low
- blood pressure (hypotension).
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of Carcinoid Syndrome is not known. It has been suggested
- that these tumors develop from embryonic cells that become part of the
- intestines, thyroid, lungs or pancreas.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Carcinoid Tumors occur in approximately eight out of every one hundred
- thousand persons. It affects males and females of all ages in equal numbers.
- However, these tumors may be more prevalent than suspected because they are
- not ordinarily diagnosed properly, and some patients may not exhibit all
- three of the hallmark symptoms of flushing, wheezing, and diarrhea.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Carcinoid
- Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Pancreatic Cholera or VIPoma is characterized by watery diarrhea, the
- loss of potassium through the urine (hypokalemia) and acidosis. In most
- cases this disorder is due to a non-B-islet-cell tumor of the pancreas that
- secretes vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine
- isoleucine. The episodes of diarrhea in association with profound loss of
- potassium, hypochlorhydria, and metabolic acidosis can be a life-threatening
- situation due to the excessive fluid and electrolyte loss.
-
- Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is an unusual condition characterized by small
- tumors (usually of the pancreas) which secrete a hormone that produces excess
- amounts of stomach (gastric) juices and resultant peptic ulcers. These
- tumors can also appear in the lower stomach wall, spleen or lymph nodes close
- to the stomach. Large amounts of gastric acid can be found in lower stomach
- areas where ulcers can form. Pain from these persistent ulcers may be
- severe. Diarrhea and excretion of fat in the feces (steatorrhea) commonly
- occurs. This can result in a decrease of potassium levels in the blood.
- (For more information on this disorder, choose "Zollinger" as your search
- term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Cushing Syndrome consists of a group of symptoms attributable to an
- excess of cortisol and other hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland.
- Cushing Syndrome patients may have a chronically flushed face, high blood
- pressure (hypertension), edema, kidney stones, and severe metabolic
- disturbances. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Cushing" as
- your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Carcinoid Syndrome may involve the use of drugs such as
- Doxorubicin, 5-Fluorouracil, Dacarbazine, Dactinomycin or Cisplatin. It may
- also involve a combination of chemotherapy drugs for malignant carcinoid
- tumors such as: streptofozin + 5-fluoracil (STZ + 5-FU), STZ +
- cyclophosphamide, and STZ + 5-FU. Other drug therapy may include
- Parachlorophenylalanine, Cyproheptadine, Tamoxifen, and Interferon. Surgery
- to remove the tumors, or liver artery ligation or occlusion, has proven
- successful in treating some patients with Carcinoid Syndrome.
-
- A Somatostatin analogue (Sandostatin) has proven very effective in
- blocking the flushing and relieving the diarrhea and wheezing symptoms of
- Carcinoid Syndrome. The symptoms usually improve within the first few days
- of treatment. This drug has also been very successful as a preventative
- measure for Carcinoid Crisis, and for those who are undergoing surgery or
- starting chemotherapy.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Clinical trials are underway to study functional and non-functional
- Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic axis. Interested persons
- may wish to contact:
-
- Dr. Eugene A. Woltering
- OHSU-L224A
- 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd.
- Portland, OR 97201
- (503) 494-5499
-
- to see if further patients are needed for this research.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Carcinoid Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- American Cancer Society
- 1599 Clifton Rd., NE
- Atlanta, GA 30329
- (404) 320-3333
-
- NIH/National Cancer Institute
- 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- 1-800-4-CANCER
-
- The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a
- computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and
- families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of
- information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To
- gain access to this service, call:
- Cancer Information Service (CIS)
- 1-800-4-CANCER
- In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
- In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
- In Oahu, Hawaii, (808) 524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
-
- References
-
- THE CARCINOID SYNDROME: A TREATABLE MALIGNANT DISEASE. L. Kvols, Oncology
- (February, 1988, issue 2 (2)). Pp. 33-39.
-
- CARCINOID CRISIS DURING ANESTHESIA: SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT WITH A
- SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUE. H.M. Marsh, et al.; Anesthesiology, (January, 1987,
- issue 66 (1)). Pp. 89-91.
-
- TREATMENT OF THE MALIGNANT CARCINOID SYNDROME. L. Kvols, et al.; N Eng J
- Med. (September 11, 1986, issue 315 (11)). Pp. 663-666.
-
- ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT METHODS IN CARCINOIDS. B. Hyde, Res.
- Resources Rept. (January, 1989, issue 13 (1)). Pp. 1-4.
-
- VIPOMA SYNDROME: EFFECT OF A SYNTHETIC SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUE. W.C.
- Santangelo, et al.; Scand J Gastroenterol (1986, issue 21 (119)). Pp. 187-
- 190.
-
- EFFECT OF A LONG-ACTING SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUE IN A PATIENT WITH
- PANCREATIC CHOLERA. P. N. Maton, et al.; New Engl J of Med (January, 3, 1985,
- issue 312). Pp. 17-21.
-
- EFFECT OF SOMATOSTATIN ANALOG ON WATER AND ELECTROLYTE TRANSPORT AND
- TRANSIT TIME IN HUMAN SMALL BOWEL. M. Dueno, et al.; Digestive Disease and
- Sciences (October, 1987, issue 32 (10)). Pp. 1092-1096.
-
- VIPOMA SYNDROME. H. S. Mekhuian, et al.; Seminars in Oncology,
- (September, 1987, issue 14 (3)). Pp. 282-289.
-
-